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Experts, Novices, and Tweeners

9/4/2011

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It's important to understand the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition. Why? Go ahead and treat an expert like a novice and find out. People are different so they need to be treated differently:

1. Novice (wants to be given a manual, told what to do, with no decisions possible)
  • "rigid adherence to taught rules or plans"
  • no exercise of "discretionary judgment"
2. Advanced beginner (needs a bit of freedom, but is unable to quickly describe a hierarchy of which parts are more important than others)
  • limited "situational perception"
  • all aspects of work treated separately with equal importance
3. Competent (wants the ability to make plans, create routines and choose among activities)
  • "coping with crowdedness" (multiple activities, accumulation of information)
  • some perception of actions in relation to goals
  • deliberate planning
  • formulates routines
4. Proficient (the more freedom you offer, the more you expect, the more you'll get)
  • holistic view of situation
  • prioritizes importance of aspects
  • "perceives deviations from the normal pattern"
  • employs maxims for guidance, with meanings that adapt to the situation at hand
5. Expert (writes the manual, doesn't follow it)
  • transcends reliance on rules, guidelines, and maxims
  • "intuitive grasp of situations based on deep, tacit understanding"
  • has "vision of what is possible"
  • uses "analytical approaches" in new situations or in case of problems
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    Paul Hill, Ph.D.

    ​I design, plan, and evaluate economic development programs for Utah State University. 


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